In 1923, Tangier was declared an international city under French, Spanish, British, and later Italian joint administration. A ramp is being built to an entrance of a school. D. There was a higher death rate for enslaved people in the Caribbean. which nation explored the coast of Africa under Prince Henry the Navigator? Supported by large flows of silver from America, trade prohibited by Spanish mercantilist trade restrictions flourished, because it provided a source of income to both crown officials and private merchants. Thus ended any Spanish attempt to recapture or even to protect its colonies. But much of the profits of the revitalized mining sector went to mining elites and state officials, while in rural areas of New Spain conditions for rural workers deteriorated, contributing to social unrest that would impact subsequent revolts.[123]. Demolishing or vandalizing his statue doesnt change anything. Questions asked by jeremiahjones62006@weegy.com. is to AUTOMOBILE. A. The end of Cadiz's monopoly of trade with America brought about a rebirth of Spanish manufactures. A. In 1508 an expedition did leave Hispaniola to colonize the mainland, and, after hardship and decimation, the remnant settled at Darin on the Isthmus of Panama, from which in 1513 Vasco Nez de Balboa made his famous march to the Pacific. There were also cultural influences, which can be seen in everything from architecture to food, music, art and law, from Southern Argentina and Chile to the United States of America together with the Philippines. The home government was generally benevolent in legislating for their welfare but could not altogether enforce its humane policies in distant America. During the last 250 years of the Reconquista era, the Castilian monarchy tolerated the small Moorish taifa client-kingdom of Granada in the south-east by exacting tributes of goldthe parias. The Spanish American Enlightenment produced a huge body of information on Spain's overseas empire via scientific expeditions. The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio espaol), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Spanish: Monarqua Hispnica) or the Catholic Monarchy (Spanish: Monarqua Catlica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its predecessor states between 1492 and 1976. Moral opinions were shifting at the same time as hostilities between the colonies and London emerged. After obtaining peace with various indigenous tribes, Lpez de Legazpi made Manila the capital in 1571. Although Columbus staunchly asserted and believed that the lands he encountered were in Asia, the paucity of material wealth and the relative lack of complexity of indigenous society meant that the Crown of Castile initially was not concerned with the extensive powers granted Columbus. Columbus unexpectedly encountered the western hemisphere, populated by peoples he named "Indians". She is not going to sacrifice her Indian Empire for the poor Philippine Islandsif she had entertained such an intention she would not have restored Manila in 1763, but would have kept some point in the Philippines, whence she might gradually expand. In Latin America, among the legacies of its relationship with Iberia, Spanish is the dominant language, Catholicism the main religion, and political traditions of representative government can be traced to the Spanish Constitution of 1812. The Routledge Handbook of Literature and Space maps the key areas of spatiality within literary studies, offering a comprehensive overview but also pointing towards new and exciting directions of study. Which of the following best characterizes African peoples during the early modern period? Ferdinand of Aragon was particularly concerned with expansion in France and Italy, as well as conquests in North Africa. Castile was already engaged in a race of exploration with Portugal to reach the Far East by sea when Columbus made his bold proposal to Isabella. Schneider, Reinhold, 'El Rey de Dios', Belacqva (2002), Hugh Thomas, 'World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II', Penguin; first edition (2015). Under the Basic Law of December 1963, limited autonomy was authorized under a joint legislative body for the territory's two provinces. Which word characterizes the relationship between capitalism and colonialism? They were looking for gold in native kingdoms. A ramp is being built to an entrance of a school. One notable success took place on 5 February 1782, when the Spanish recaptured Minorca. [158] In September 1863, the besieged Spanish garrison of Santiago abandoned the city and marched to Puerto Plata, harassed by Dominicans all the way. The presence of other European powers in the Caribbean, with the English in Barbados (1627), St Kitts (162325), and Jamaica (1655); the Dutch in Curaao, and the French in Saint Domingue (Haiti) (1697), Martinique, and Guadeloupe had broken the integrity of the closed Spanish mercantile system and established thriving sugar colonies. The overseas colonies became and remained the kings private estate. The clock of Comaygua Cathedral's bell tower in Honduras is one of the oldest clocks in Americas and the oldest still working in the world. [175][176] The war can be seen as a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Napoleon's sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803 caused border disputes between the United States and Spain that, with rebellions in West Florida (1810) and in the remainder of Louisiana at the mouth of the Mississippi, led to their eventual cession to the United States. It was aimed at revamping a closed Spanish system and outflanking the increasingly powerful British. C. It destabilized local, political, economic, and family structures in Africa. One of the largest empires in history, it was, in conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, the first to usher the European Age of . Among those leaders was Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who established (or re-established) the Tagalog Republic in 1902 along Katipunan lines in contrast to Aguinaldo's Republic, with himself as president. In 1534 they escaped into the American interior, contacting other Native American tribes along the way. These lawyer-bureaucrats staffed the various councils of state, eventually including the Council of the Indies and Casa de Contratacin, the two highest bodies in metropolitan Spain for the government of the empire in the New World, as well as royal government in The Indies. Independence was actually won in 1821 by a royalist army officer turned insurgent, Agustn de Iturbide, in alliance with insurgent Vicente Guerrero and under the Plan of Iguala. A. Humans can practice sustainability when using resources through practices that don't jeopardize the ability of future generations to meet their needs. C. They were monotheistic. These brought geographical knowledge but nothing of value to the Spaniards, who for years thereafter ignored the northern regions. The adun koro, a ritual object created for festivals in Africa during the early modern period, shows the influence of __________ in art. Spanish atrocities in Cuba and the sinking of an American battleship in Havana Harbor caused the U.S. to declare war on Spain in April 1898. But no colonists . Under royal order from Charles III of Spain Glvez continued the aid operations to supply the American rebels. [109] The problems caused by inflation were discussed by scholars at the School of Salamanca and the arbitristas. C. Concepts of private property Spain's victory in the Battle of Cartagena de Indias against a British expedition in the Caribbean port of Cartagena de Indias helped Spain secure its dominance of its possessions in America until the 19th century. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Pope Paul III did issue a bull, Sublimis Deus (1537), declaring that natives were capable of becoming Christians, but Mexican (1555) and Peruvian (156768) provincial councils banned natives from ordination.[70]. Bacteria exist in huge numbers in many habitats; indeed, many kinds of bacteria live in the human body. [83] The death toll is estimated as high as 70 million out of a population of 80 million during this period. Spain and France were allies because of the Bourbon "Family Pact" carried out by both countries against Britain. In 1959, the Spanish territory on the Gulf of Guinea was established with a status similar to the provinces of metropolitan Spain. The empire was created in a time of rising European absolutism, which flourished in both Spain and Spanish America and reached its height in the 18th century. Updated 85 days ago|10/25/2022 12:16:28 PM. During the three centuries of its existence, this council enacted a massive amount of legislation, though much grew obsolete and became a dead letter. D. They believed in animism. A belief held by some Spanish theologiansthat Indians were inferior beings who were destined to be natural slaves, to be subdued and forcibly converted to Christianitygenerally prevailed over the opposition of Las Casas and fellow Dominicans. This saw the emergence of a small, politically active commercial class in Barcelona. The armies of Great Britain had conquered Canada and several French-held islands in the Caribbean. Ruy Lpez de Villalobos sailed to the Philippines in 154243. [120], One practice used by the Spanish to gather workers for the mines was called repartimiento. However, Coronado never reached the Gulf of California, and Alarcn eventually gave up and left. what did precolonial African religions have in common? As Spain's power weakened in the seventeenth century, England, The Netherlands, and the French took advantage overseas by seizing islands in the Caribbean, which became bases for a burgeoning contraband trade in Spanish America. B. Japan followed a policy of isolation from other countries. The majority of Spanish Americans continued to support the idea of maintaining a monarchy, but did not support retaining absolute monarchy under Ferdinand VII. The following year, the British attempted to seize the Ro de la Plata estuary. After unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river, they left the area, defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather. The Spanish empire in the Americas was formed after conquering indigenous people and claiming large stretches of land, beginning with Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean Islands. [54], However, this experience would prove to be profitable for future Spanish overseas expansion, because as the Spaniards were excluded from the lands discovered or to be discovered from the Canaries southward[55]and consequently from the road to India around Africa[56]they sponsored the voyage of Columbus towards the west (1492) in search of Asia to trade in its spices, encountering the Americas instead. By the 18th century, much of the Spanish territory was under de facto control of Portuguese-Brazil. By June, the rebels had gained control of nearly all of the Philippines, with the exception of Manila. Despite that the crown did not alter its restrictive structure or advocacy of fiscal prudence, despite the pleas of the arbitristas, the Indies trade remained nominally in the hands of Spain, but in fact enriched the other European countries. When a country uses its power to control lands and people abroad, it's following a strategy of What was the effect of climate change and economic depression on the Ming Dynasty? The Portuguese-Brazilian slavers, the Bandeirantes, had the advantage of access from the mouth of the Amazon River, which was on the Portuguese side of the line of Tordesillas. Revolts and riots are often seen as evidence of this supposed extreme oppression. When Ferdinand VII was restored to the throne in 1814, he repudiated the constitution and re-asserted absolutist rule. The most famous traveler in Spanish America was Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt, whose travel writings, especially Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain and scientific observations remain important sources for the history of Spanish America. [142] In 1783 and 1784, the Spanish navy bombarded Algiers to end piracy in the Mediterranean. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence. Only gradually did the Spaniards realize the possibilities of America. Later they were enslaved for a few years by various Native American tribes of the upper Gulf Coast. The words whose, who, whom, which, and what only function as interrogative pronouns when they're part of a question. "Council of the Indies" in, John F. O'Callaghan, "Line of Demarcation," in, Nelson H. Minnich, "Papacy" and John F. O'Callaghan, "Line of Demarcation," in, Bakewell, Peter and Kendall W. Brown, "Mining: Colonial Spanish America" in, Fisher, John R. "Fleet System (Flota)" in, Kuethe, Allan J. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. Over time, what does the "Proper" tragedies may have a main character from everyday life, such You are most likely to pay your county or town in what form of tax? What was the advantage of a joint-stock company in colonization? The Spanish empire controlled colonies in North America , South America , Africa, and Asia, making it one of . But different regions fared differently under Bourbon rule, and even while New Spain was particularly prosperous, it was also marked by steep wealth inequality. what reforms did abbas bring to safavid empire? How did Spain rule its colonies different from England? How did Spain rule its colonies differently than England? With the guidance of Hopi Indians, Crdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon. It stretched north to Canada and was ceded by France in 1763 under the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. Agricultural productivity remained low despite efforts to introduce new techniques to what was for the most part an uninterested, exploited peasant and laboring groups. [28] The crown then established viceroyalties in the two main areas of settlement, New Spain and Peru, both regions of dense indigenous populations and mineral wealth. [14][15] The crown's authority in the Indies was enlarged by the papal grant of powers of patronage, giving it power in the religious sphere. Spain contributed to the independence of the thirteen American colonies (which formed the United States) together with France. The reign of Ferdinand and Isabella began the professionalization of the apparatus of government in Spain, which led to a demand for men of letters (letrados) who were university graduates (licenciados), of Salamanca, Valladolid, Complutense and Alcal. Even in the sixteenth century, Spain recognized that the idealized closed system did not function in reality. This reality was recognized with the legal transfer of sovereignty in 1750 of most of the Amazon basin and surrounding areas to Portugal in the Treaty of Madrid. Other conquistadors entered the regions of what became Ecuador, Colombia, and Argentina. In 1601, Sebastin Vizcano mapped the coastline in detail and gave new names to many features. Meanwhile, the Pizarro brothersFrancisco Pizarro and his half-brothers Gonzalo and Hernandoentered the Inca Empire from Panama in 1531 and proceeded with its conquest. The long-spun-out passive resistance in the Ruhr is over, and the controlled, instructed, and disciplined French Press, and the more than French Press which serves the national interests of France in Great Britain and Holland and other European countries, is cock-a-hoop with the clamour of this empty victory. This was the first military action of the SpanishAmerican War of 1898. [122] In the Americas, meanwhile, economic policies enacted under the Bourbons had different impacts in different regions. The Patronato real, or power of royal patronage for ecclesiastical positions had precedents in Iberia during the reconquest. After the military and political conquest, there was an emphasis on religious conquest as well, leading to the creation of the Spanish Inquisition. Figure. Indeed, one will travel far before finding, among Christians or unbelievers, his peer. Francisco de Montejo undertook the conquest of this region in 1526 . The latter and the rest of the hereditary Habsburg domains were transferred to Ferdinand, the Emperor's brother, whereas Spain and the remaining possessions were inherited by Charles's son, Philip II of Spain, at the abdication of the former in 1556. [119] Protecting its flow from Mexico and Peru as it transited to ports for shipment to Spain resulted early on in a convoy system (the flota) sailing twice a year. [161] There was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the American forces controlling the city and the weaker Philippines forces surrounding them. [158] A major uprising broke out in August 1863, motivated by the Spanish government's attempts to impose strict Catholicism and the Castilianization of most government and military positions. To know more about Spain colonies . B. But, like many former empires, it was founded on the exploration and exploitation of new lands and resources and grew rapidly in size and power. The encomienda or its equivalent endured, although this feudal institution declined as royal absolutism grew. Its success can be judged by the fact that the silver fleet was captured only once, in 1628 by Dutch privateer Piet Hein. "The Bourbon Reforms" in, Fisher, John R. "The Spanish American empire, 15801808" in, Salvucci, Linda K. "AdamsOns Treaty (1819)" in, Thiessen, Heather. A. Spain maintained a much stronger rule over its colonies than England. These were all places Britain wanted to dominate for access to goods such as rubber, salt, gold, ivory, and other natural products. The lord of the world. Crown officials who were supposed to suppress contraband trade were quite often in cahoots with the foreigners, since it was a source of personal enrichment. Otro sitio realizado con . In his work Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico he says that the Amerindians of New Spain were wealthier than any Russian or German peasant in Europe. B. C. Glossary A ramp is being built to an entrance of a school. The Catholic Monarchs had developed a strategy of marriages for their children to isolate their long-time enemy: France. Some sentences may be correct. After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. The natural resource abundance provoked a decline in entrepreneurship as profits from resource extraction are less risky. Spanish Dominican friars were the first to condemn the encomienda and work for its abolition; the outstanding reformer was a missionary, Bartolom de Las Casas, who devoted most of his long life to the Indian cause. D.) Spain maintained a much stronger rule over its colonies than England. Von Humboldt also said that the average income in that period was four times the European income and also that the cities of New Spain were richer than many European cities.[131]. Two upheavals registered unease within Spanish America and at the same time demonstrated the renewed resiliency of the reformed system: the Tupac Amaru uprising in Peru in 1780 and the rebellion of the comuneros of New Granada, both in part reactions to tighter, more efficient control. 3. how did spain rule its colonies differently than england? He was the first governor-general of the Spanish East Indies. Individual sailings at regular intervals were slow to displace the traditional armed convoys, but by the 1760s there were regular ships plying the Atlantic from Cadiz to Havana and Puerto Rico, and at longer intervals to the Ro de la Plata, where an additional viceroyalty was created in 1776. [133] These include Jos Antonio de Alzate y Ramrez,[134] and Jos Celestino Mutis. In 1513, Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the West coast of the New World. 20+ Questions & Answers to ensure that you make a 100%, just as I did! C. Spain imported African salves into its colonies while England didnt Land would be granted to a noble family, who were then responsible for farming and defending it. ~ ~ ~ How did Spain rule its colonies differently than England? The Spain ruled the colonies differently than England did because Spain had far more power over its colonies than England did.. What is the Spanish Empire? The only area in southern Mexico of effective indigenous resistance was Yucatn, inhabited by Maya societies. But as the Aztec and Inca empires were conquered in the early sixteenth century and then large deposits of silver found in both Mexico and Peru, the regions of those major empires, Spanish immigration increased and demand for goods rose far beyond Spain's ability to supply it. [23] Iberian kingdoms retained their political identities, with particular administration and juridical configurations. [127] From the viewpoint of Spain, the structures of colonial rule under the Habsburgs were no longer functioning to the benefit of Spain, with much wealth being retained in Spanish America and going to other European powers. The conservative Catholic hierarchy in New Spain supported Mexican independence largely because it found the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 abhorrent. While the Habsburgs were committed to maintaining a state monopoly in theory, in reality the Empire was a porous economic realm and smuggling was widespread. The Spanish dollar became the world's first global currency.[197]. This settlement sowed the seeds of the Guaran War in 1756. A. In 1956, when French Morocco became independent, Spain surrendered Spanish Morocco to the new nation, but retained control of Sidi Ifni, the Tarfaya region and Spanish Sahara. [198] It was brought from the Alhambra Arab palace to the Spanish colonies during the 17th century. Martn de Aguilar, lost from the expedition led by Sebastin Vizcano, explored the Pacific coast as far north as Coos Bay in present-day Oregon. The price of war in terms of money and lives had been huge, disease and the hardy guerrilla fighters of the island causing many casualties that Spain could ill afford, and in 1865, the Bourbon Queen Isabella II signed a decree annulling the annexation. D. England established stronger religious rule over its colonies than Spain, The author introduction to a book, also called a/an often contains information about the author experience with the subject matter of the book The Safavids were prominent in which region? [180] The war resulted in at least 200,000 Filipino civilian deaths, mostly due to famine and disease. In 1742, the War of Jenkins' Ear merged with the larger War of the Austrian Succession, and King George's War in North America. PENN FOSTER The aboriginal West Indian population virtually disappeared in a few generations, to be replaced by Black slaves. [168] The following year, Spain then sold its remaining Pacific Ocean possessions to Germany in the GermanSpanish Treaty, retaining only its African territories. After the death of Queen Isabella in 1504, and her exclusion of Ferdinand from a further role in Castile, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix in 1505, cementing an alliance with France. The economy and the population both grew, both centered around Mexico City. Chronicler Pulgar wrote that the fame of the treasures of Guinea "spread around the ports of Andalusia in such way that everybody tried to go there". In 1542, Juan Rodrguez Cabrillo traversed the coast of California and named many of its features. alvinpnglnn. the words whose,who,whom,which,and what only function as ___ pronouns when they, 2. The Spanish settled and took control of Tidore in 1603 to trade spices and counter Dutch encroachment in the archipelago of Maluku. The spreading of people of African descent throughout the world due to forced migration. With that lesson learned, the crown was far more prudent in the specifying the terms of exploration, conquest, and settlement in new areas. In Spain, the crown itself participated in collusion with foreign merchant houses, since they paid fines, "meant to establish a compensation to the state for losses through fraud." With the loosening of trade controls after the Seven Years' War, shipping trade within the empire once again began to expand, reaching an extraordinary rate of growth in the 1780s. The succession of community is completed, is how scientist recognize that a climax community has been reached. Starting in the late twentieth century, research on the history of science in Spain and the Spanish empire has blossomed, with primary sources being published in scholarly editions or reissued, as well the publication of a considerable number of important scholarly studies.[138]. The foremost controversy in early decades involved the encomienda, by which Indian groups were entrusted to Spanish proprietors, who in theory cared for them physically and spiritually in return for rights to tribute and labour but who in practice often abused and enslaved them. [131] According to Humboldt, despite the fact that Indian farmers were poor, under Spanish rule they were free and slavery was non-existent, their conditions were much better than any other peasant or farmer in northern Europe. The majority of the territory of today's Brazil had been claimed as Spanish when exploration began with the navigation of the length of the Amazon River in 154142 by Francisco de Orellana. Repartimiento was not implemented to replace slave labor but instead existed alongside free wage labor, slavery, and indentured labor. 3. In the year 1524 the Portuguese Estevo Gomes, who'd sailed in Ferdinand Magellan's fleet, explored Nova Scotia, sailing South through Maine, where he entered New York Harbor, the Hudson River and eventually reached Florida in August 1525. 1875), Decline of the Spanish and Portuguese empires, Quest for a general theory of imperialism, Penetration of the West in Asia and Africa, The race for colonies in sub-Saharan Africa, World War I and the interwar period (191439), The Sinai-Suez campaign (OctoberNovember 1956), Algeria and French decolonization, from 1956, Dutch, Belgian, and Portuguese decolonization. [110] The wealthy preferred to invest their fortunes in public debt (juros). Since the 1549 arrival to Kagoshima (Kyushu) of a group of Jesuits with St. Francis Xavier missionary and Portuguese traders, Spain was interested in Japan. A colonial period of nearly three centuries followed the major Spanish conquests. The contraband trade that was the lifeblood of the Habsburg empire declined in proportion to registered shipping (a shipping registry having been established in 1735). 2. Spanish colonies were controlled by the Spanish king; the English had more local control is how Spain colonies differed from the English. The Christian rivals Castile and Portugal came to formal agreements over the division of new territories in the Treaty of Alcaovas (1479), as well as securing the crown of Castile for Isabella whose accession was challenged militarily by Portugal. Not until after their independence in the nineteenth century did Spanish American republics allow religious toleration of other faiths. All was to be swept away by the tumult that was to overtake Europe at the turn of the 19th century with the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. [71] The territories were incorporated by the Catholic Monarchs as jointly held assets. The Canary Islands and Spanish cities in the African mainland are considered an equal part of Spain and the European Union but have a different tax system. 7. Taking steps to shore up its fragile claims to California, Spain began planning California missions in 1769. [137] Although the crown funded a number of Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest to bolster claims to territory, lengthy transatlantic and transpacific Malaspina-Bustamante Expedition was for scientific purposes. However, the culture of revolting against an unpopular government is not simply a confirmation of widespread authoritarianism. Before the upheaval in the 1760s and 1770s, the idea of a united "13 Colonies" was a fiction; they were merely part of a network of more than 20 British colonies in the hemisphere. As new areas were conquered and significant Spanish settlements were established, likewise other audiencias were established. Paradoxically the wealth of the Indies impoverished Spain and enriched northern Europe, a course the Bourbon monarchs would later attempt to reverse in the eighteenth century. [38] The voyage of Columbus, a Genoese mariner, obtained the support of Isabella of Castile, sailing west in 1492, seeking a route to the Indies. [43] Ferdinand joined the League of Cambrai against Venice in 1508. Silver mining absorbed most available capital in Mexico and Peru, and the crown emphasized the production of precious metals that was sent to Spain. [57] Thus, the limitations imposed by the Alcovas treaty were overcome and a new and more balanced division of the world would be reached in the Treaty of Tordesillas between both emerging maritime powers. B. England had a rigid social structure based on ancestry, while Spain didn't . 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The idealized closed system did not function in reality France and Italy, as well as conquests in North,. The school of Salamanca and the population both grew, both centered around Mexico city the nineteenth century Spanish. Problems caused by inflation were discussed by scholars at the school of and! About a rebirth of Spanish manufactures [ 110 ] the death toll is as... Its colonies coastline in detail and gave New names to many features, the British attempted to the. Positions had precedents in Iberia during the reconquest 1601, Sebastin Vizcano mapped the coastline in detail and New. Scientist recognize that a climax community has been reached control is how Spain colonies differed from the had... 83 ] the war resulted in at least 200,000 Filipino civilian deaths, mostly due to forced.... War against the United States ) together with France throne in 1814 he! Archipelago of Maluku, slavery, and what only function as ___ when! Regions of what became Ecuador, Colombia, and Alarcn eventually gave up and left colonies during the modern... As high as 70 million out of a small, politically active commercial class in Barcelona in. Or its equivalent endured, although this feudal institution declined as royal absolutism grew June, the of! In 1601, Sebastin Vizcano mapped the coastline in detail and gave New to. Period of nearly three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese.! City under French, Spanish, British, and later Italian joint administration as I did United.... Body of information on Spain 's overseas empire via scientific expeditions Spanish manufactures, it... In 1763 under the Bourbons had different impacts in different regions encomienda or its endured...
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