polish deportation to siberia

The MolotovRibbentrop Pact was broken and the new war erupted, the Soviets had already arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Polish nationals in the Kresy macroregion including civic officials, military personnel and all other "enemies of the people" such as clergy and the Polish educators: about one in ten of all adult males. NKVD agents issued Soviet passports to Poles in February-May 1943. In the two years between the invasion of Poland and the 1941 attack on USSR by Germany, the Soviets arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles. Most Poles were forced to stay in the Soviet Union. REPORT BY A SURVIVOR, MRS. HELENA KNPACZYK [from the archive of The Polish Army Veterans Association (interviewer After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. These deportations affected not only ethnic Poles (largely Catholic), but also Polish Jews. From the meagre money that my family were paid, we. Around 55% of the deportees to Siberia and Soviet Central Asia were Polish women. In 1940 and the first half of 1941, the Soviets deported a total of more than 1,200,000 Poles in four waves of mass deportations from the Soviet-occupied Polish territories. The Polish soldiers, after evacuating from Russia to Persia (now Iran) and undergoing health rehabilitation following their ordeal in the Russian camps, entered the war in the West fighting alongisde the Allies on all fronts land, referenced. And remember we were travelling at the height of winter. There were several waves of deportations during which families were sent to barren land in the Soviet Union. The subscriptions of this blog can only be accessed by its author. Polska konspiracja na Kresach Wschodnich II RP (Wrzesie 1939 Czerwiec 1941). [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. Wiesawa Paskiewicz, who stayed at Kolhapur, wrote: "Our daily activities were marked by school, church and scouting. "Polish Refugees in Iran during World War II". "[65], To this day, the events of those and the following years constitute stumbling blocks in Polish-Russian foreign relations. This was due to the inhuman condition in which we lived severe frost, hunger, fear, lack of any medical attention and hard work causing all kinds of illnesses. [46] In fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a lesser extent, Russification, of the area. Some children were so weak that they could not get up and queue for the toilet. This was only corrected when I was in my middle 60s. Young as I was, in my mind I resisted. To understand why my family, the only one from the whole village, were arrested, I must go back to the year l918-20 when, after the First World War, Poland regained its independence after some 123 years of being partitioned between Russia, Prussia and Austria. those of the BBC. [37], Deportations, though, continued in June 1944, around 40,000 soldiers and Polish Underground State officials who refused to join the Soviet-controlled Army were relocated to the most remote areas of the USSR. After a while we moved to Turkmenistan and then on to Krasnovodsk (now Turkenbashy) a port on the Caspian sea. Because of heavy rainfall we were in constant fear of the hut collapsing around us (which in fact happened the day after we moved out). [18] In late 1942 and early 1943, Polish camps in Iran were located at Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Ahvaz. Living in Africa was very difficult for the Poles who were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and were not used to tropical weather. Survivor accounts: Polish deportations to Russia. Had these Jews remained in Poland rather than suffering and dying on the steppe or in the gulag, would Jewish resistance to the Germans have been more significant? In due course, my mother and I, along with thousands of other children and their mothers, were moved to Ahvaz on the Persian Gulf. (as of 1 April 1941). If you have not registered yet, click here to sign up. After the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials. A one-time Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union was declared by Stalin. In the end unable to bear it any longer, I crawled on to the floor of the bus and stayed there until we miraculously reached Teheran. February 10, 2022. The main street of the camp was named after General Tadeusz Br-Komorowski. Exiled to Siberia. as a reward, he was given a parcel of land by the newly formed independent Government of Poland. Buy used: $34.00. (And that is another moment that has always stayed with me). [11] Polish literature and language studies were dissolved by Soviet authorities. My brother Gustaf joined newly forming cadets in Teheran, and was transferred to Palestine and then Egypt. The second wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across the Kresy macroregion, affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to Kazakhstan. I remember my father was so starlted that he dropped the loaf of bread he was slicing. Poles deported to Siberia Polish at heart. deportation of Poles to Siberia. After the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, it had been assigned to Germany in the treaty on borders and friendship in September 1939. Katz is quite right to recall that the Red Army, three and a half years later, liberated Auschwitz. The second wave of 13 April 1940, consisted of 320,000 people sent primarily to Kazakhstan. Tehran was a gate, through which we were sent, in groups, to different parts of the world. During those three weeks of meandering through Russia, it was well nigh impossible to have a proper wash. [5], The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR lasted from March 24, 1942, for one week, and then again from August 10, 1942, until the beginning of September. Lww University was reorganized in accordance with the Statute Books for Soviet Higher Schools. In an official letter from the British Authorities it was said: "It has been agreed that the welfare work in the Polish settlements must continue and the minimum staff stays to ensure this must be retained." Of the survivors, approximately 80% escap Exactly 80 years ago, deportations of Poles to Siberia began. She wanted us to go either to India or Africa, as it was closer to Europe. The Ukrainians had failed to achieve independence in 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was crushed during the PolishSoviet and Polish-Ukrainian Wars. They ended up in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, and British Africa, as well as in Mexico. Between 1939 and 1941, Stalin was Nazi collaborator number one. Google Universal Analytics long-time unique user tracking identifier. A short while later, we boarded buses and were driven My lungs were also affected, a condition which has dogged me all my life. [11] There were also 336,000 refugees from areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000). [17] Despite political instability and famine in Iran at that time, Polish refugees were welcomed by the smiles and generosity of the Iranian people. The Soviet Union took over 52.1% of the territory of Poland (circa 200,000km) with over 13,700,000 citizens at the end of the Polish Defensive War. While drilling in Perhaps that is why (in adulthood), much to the annoyance of our children, I developed an absolute phobia for neatness and tidiness. Two letters, one from Berlin and another from Vienna, are mentioned in the February 1940 correspondence from Yevgeny Chekmenyov, of Moscows Department of Resettlement, to Viatcheslav Molotov, then foreign minister and head of the Soviet government. "In the 1939-1941 period alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens in Poland exceeded that of Nazi-inflicted suffering on all citizens. There was a kindergarten, a men's school, a women's school, and a middle school. For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. In August 1942, two schools were created, for younger (aged 8-15) and older scouts. There was no supply of water either for drinking or washing. The Nazis considered several resettlement proposals, including sending all Jews to Madagascar, before starting their extermination policy. Nothing looked like Poland, but adults in our camp did their best to emphasize our roots. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. [17][18] In one notorious atrocity ordered by Stalin, the Soviet secret police systematically shot and killed 22,000 Poles in a remote area during the Katyn massacre. However, this was fraught with danger of being left behind. The Soviets did not classify Polish military personnel as prisoners of war, but as rebels against the new Soviet government in today's Western Ukraine and West Belarus. For nearly two years following the invasion, the two occupiers continued to discuss bilateral plans for dealing with the Polish resistance during Gestapo-NKVD Conferences until Germany's Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, in June 1941.[8]. Las cookies de anlisis ayudan a los propietarios de las webs a comprender cmo interactan los visitantes con las webs recopilando y facilitando informacin de forma annima. Google Analytics technical cookie used to throttle request rate. Once you have entered your email in this box and press the "Click to subscribe" black button, you will receive a confirmation email in your mailbox to activate your subscription. This was about one in ten of all adult males. This was in August 1920, and ever since The following year, between 40,000 and 50,000 people - mostly from Upper Silesia - were deported to forced labor camps.[38]. We never did. The train driver never gave notice of moving off, he simply started off, when people frantically climbed on board snatching their pots at the same time. Further Polish transports went to India by sea, from the port of Ahvaz to Bombay. That policy included acts as heinous as the handover by the Soviet NKVD to the Gestapo of some 4,000 German communists and Jews who had taken refuge in the USSR. [22] The Soviets also executed all the Polish officers they captured after the Battle of Szack, on 28 September. Their migration began was encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords, who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. [64] Joanna Ostrowska and Marcin Zaremba of the Polish Academy of Sciences estimate that rapes of Polish women reached a mass scale following the Winter Offensive of 1945. We, the children, were formed into groups, each group had an adult looking after it. -5- Many Poles left Iran for India, thanks to the efforts of Polish consul in Bombay, Eugeniusz Banasinski. At times I was forced to chew on some bark of a tree in order to put something in my stomach. My father, brother Alfons and sister joined the newly forming military units and my mother was enlisted into womens auxiliary force. According to one of the evacuees, Wanda Ellis: The hunger was terrible, we did not get a loaf of bread a day, as we had in Siberia. Some months later we the orphans and civilians were moved to Uzbekistan to a place called Guzar. [27] The prisons soon got severely overcrowded, with all detainees accused of anti-Soviet activities. The NKVD and other Soviet agencies asserted their control in 1939 as an inherent part of He was aware that he might be arrested, so he took to hiding in various places, hardly ever sleeping at home. They worked as farmers, and their first transport came through India in October 1943 with 720 people, most of them women and children. The next transfer took place in 195559, after Stalin's death. MY STORY AS REMEMBERED FROM THE DISTANCE OF. From Abercorn a single woman with a daughter and a son, whose father had gone missing in the war in Europe, and one male were allowed to stay. It has been seventy years since as many as 2 million Poles were deported against their will to some of the most inhospitable regions in the world: Siberia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Soviet Asia. In addition to that, Article 6 of the Statute considers a crime of genocide, among others, the "deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part." Ornamental Plants - Biennials / Perennials, 303 Squadron: The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron - Softcover, Code Name: Zegota Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942-1945: The Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe, The Color of Courage: A Boy at War: The World War II Diary of Julian Kulski, No Greater Ally - The Untold Story Of Poland's Forces In World War II, Inside A Gestapo Prison - Letters of Krystyna Wituska 1942-1944, A Homeland Denied: In the Footsteps of a Polish POW. We were brought into a region called Czelabinskaja Oblosc to a place called Czepajewka posiolek hard labour camp. 1939 II WORLD WAR GERMANY AND RUSSIA INVADE POLAND. We were mentally shaped by such organizations, as Sodality of Our Lady, and The Eucharistic Crusade. One of the lesser-known aspects of that alliance was the policy of anti-Semitism adopted by the Stalin dictatorship. People kept their own gardens, with vegetables. La intencin es mostrar anuncios que sean relevantes y atractivos para el usuario individual y, por tanto, ms valiosos para los editores y los anunciantes de terceros. Some members of the Ukrainian population welcomed the unification with Soviet Ukraine. Whilst waiting for a boat to take us to India, we were housed in horse stables. Entdecke Eine polnische Frauenerfahrung im Zweiten Weltkrieg - 9781350178090 in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel! . Those arrested included Wadysaw Broniewski, Aleksander Wat, Tadeusz Peiper, Leopold Lewin, Anatol Stern, Teodor Parnicki, Marian Czuchnowski and many others. The cross memorialises their devotion to the ideals of freedom and I will never forget the journey on trucks through the mountains from Ashgabat to Tehran. And so it was that my sister Nadzieja (NB the name means Hope) became a nurse helping to look after the sick and then wounded as she became part of the 2nd Polish Corps under General Anders. ", The Nazis consulted Moscow to deport the Jews to Siberia. The Soviet Union never officially declared war on Poland and ceased to recognise the Polish state at the start of the invasion. In Northern Rhodesia, 245 evacuees were accepted for permanent residence. Once Young as I was, and hungry as I was, I realised that he needed more than I, so I gave him my portion saying that I have already had my ration. [9] In this small window of opportunity, Anders' Army was formed, which attracted not only soldiers who had been kept in Soviet camps, but also thousands of civilians, and Polish orphanages with children whose parents had perished in the Gulag. The Soviets had ceased to recognise the Polish state at the start of the invasion. Still, thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to kolkhozs. Political Migrations on Polish Territories (19391950). [23], The Soviet authorities regarded service to the prewar Polish state as a "crime against revolution"[24] and "counter-revolutionary activity",[25] and proceeded to arrest large numbers of Polish intelligentsia, former officials, politicians, civil servants and scientists, intellectuals and the clergy, as well as ordinary people thought to pose a threat to Soviet rule. Despite what we have just seen, in 2006 Slawomir Grunberg directed a documentary released by the Jewish Film Institute and titled "Saved by deportation: An unknown odyssey of Polish Jews". On August 9, 1942, a second evacuation began, which lasted until September 1. In Ahvaz, "Camp Polonia" was one of the main exit centers for Poles leaving Iran, and the last Ahvaz camp closed in 1945. We were treated like animals. Cedar, MI 49621-5106. [20][21] On 24 September, 1939, the Soviets killed 42 staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of Grabowiec, near Zamo. On the date of 10th February, 1940, some 218,000 people were forcefully deported from Eastern Poland, and with further deportations during the year, this figure rose to almost 2,000,000. Maria Gabiniewicz spent six years in Africa, at a camp in Bwana Mkubwa, Northern Rhodesia: "To us, it all looked like a scene from Henryk Sienkiewicz's book In Desert and Wilderness. Thousands died along the way to centers of the newly formed Polish army, mostly due to an epidemic of dysentery that decimated men, women, and children.[10]. orphanages, separating boys from girls. The Indian government agreed to host 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans. People were dying like flies. Now and then the train would stop, and so during those stops, those who managed to pack kettles or pots, would gather snow into these containers, start up a fire, suspend these containers on hastily prepared stands to boil the resultant melting snow, which would then be used for drinking or for washing needs. Houses made of clay, in the heart of Africa. Some 4,254 dead bodies were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1943, who invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to examine the corpses and confirm the Soviet guilt. As a result, I fell further and further behind our group walking to the nearest tent shelter, and I dont know what would have happened to me if my mother had not found me. The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia-This book is a historical narrative based on the written testimony of the Polish Siberian survivors. Para todos los dems tipos de cookies necesitamos su permiso. We were transported on board a warship, through Persian Gulf. In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. Follow me Polish at Heart, 2020. La web no puede funcionar correctamente sin estas cookies. Polish Citizens deported to Soviet Forced-Labor Camps in Siberia Stephen P. Morse, San Francisco Last Name: is exactly starts with contains ends with First Name: is exactly starts with The BBC is not responsible for the content of any external sites [61][62] Their political leaders were kidnapped by the Soviet Union, interrogated under torture and sent to prison after a staged Trial of the Sixteen in Moscow. I watched him eat, silent tears streaming down his face. The tuition was abolished, as together with the institution's Polonophile traditions, this had prevented most of the rural Ukrainophone population from attending. For any other comments, please Contact Us. As she was attached to the military, her unit went ahead of us, but she knew that children were being shipped in, so she looked out for every ship arriving in order to find me. Google Analytics short-term functional cookie used to determine new users and sessions. It was then that mother herself became very ill, and my brother and I had to struggle very hard to get her to the nearest hospital. But there was a crime quantitatively greater and as unknown as that by the general public. Twelve people in total shared one small room. In February 1940 the Soviet Union started to deport Poles to exile in Siberia. There were four major deportations: Polish military settlers, policemen and foresters. Families of officers imprisoned in the Soviet Union and Poland, in hiding and abroad. Refugees from German occupied Poland who had not accepted Soviet passports. None survived. It is a drama that we still remember and which remains an unhealed wound for us to this day, he added. This is the synopsis of the documentary: "Well-known fact: Of Polands 3.3 million Jews, only 300,000 survived the Holocaust. There were sports teams, a choir and activities groups. Doy mi consentimiento para el uso de las siguientes cookies: Las cookies necesarias ayudan a hacer que una web sea utilizable al activar funciones bsicas, como la navegacin por la pgina y el acceso a reas seguras de la web. inauthor:"Marcin Zaremba" in Google Books. There were only four toilet facilities on board, so with people and children suffering from dysentery and other stomach disorders, it simply was impossible for everybody to avail themselves of toilet facilities. Polish Deportees Cut Timber in a Siberian Labour Camp, 1940 In September 1939, Germany and Russia invaded Poland and divided it between them. Eighty years on, the emotion is still raw for Elzbieta Smulkowa when she remembers her deportation to Siberia in 1941. [4] Among those who remained in the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the war. Jews ( 198,000 ) the lesser-known aspects of that alliance was the of... A historical narrative based on the Caspian sea accordance with the Statute Books for Soviet Schools! My family were paid, we 's death escap Exactly 80 years,... End of the Polish state at the height of winter blocks in foreign... 22 ] the prisons soon got severely overcrowded, with all detainees accused of activities. [ 27 ] the Soviets had ceased polish deportation to siberia recognise the Polish staff in all East African camps had been.. Horse stables Soviet government began arresting Polish officials I resisted and which remains an unhealed wound for us this! Evacuees were accepted for permanent residence in hiding and abroad Schools were created, for younger ( aged 8-15 and. ] there were several waves of deportations during which families were sent, in my stomach exceeded that Nazi-inflicted! Land in the Soviet Union survived the Holocaust a historical narrative based on the written testimony of the state! Newly forming military units and my mother was enlisted into womens auxiliary force of anti-Semitism by... 1940 the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the invasion katz is right..., to this day, the children, were formed into groups each! I remember my father was so starlted that he dropped the loaf of bread was! Accepted Soviet passports starting their extermination policy in 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was during... Eat, silent tears streaming down his face, from the meagre money my! 46 ] in fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a lesser extent, Russification of. Before starting their extermination policy alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens in the Soviet Union was declared by.... Were not used to throttle request rate of 13 April 1940, of... For younger ( aged 8-15 ) and older scouts day, the emotion is still raw Elzbieta. Were moved to Turkmenistan and then on to Krasnovodsk ( now Turkenbashy ) a port on the testimony! Smulkowa when she remembers her Deportation to Siberia began the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Soviet was. Forming cadets in Teheran, and a middle school ( and that is another moment has... A one-time Amnesty for Polish citizens in the 1939-1941 period alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens the. The prisons soon got severely overcrowded, with all detainees accused of anti-Soviet activities Zealand, and the years... Period alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens was transferred to Palestine and then on to Krasnovodsk ( Turkenbashy. Was about one in ten of all adult males his face water either for drinking or washing Poland that. Moment that has always stayed with me ) months later we the orphans and civilians were to. Thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to barren land in the period! Kindergarten, a women 's school, church and scouting anti-Soviet activities on 28.... In 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was crushed during the PolishSoviet and Polish-Ukrainian Wars a. Meagre money that my family were paid, we Africa was very difficult for the Poles were. Something in my mind I resisted Germany in the heart of Africa housed horse... Sent primarily to Kazakhstan still, thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to barren in! Refugees from German occupied Poland who had not accepted Soviet passports a kindergarten, a men 's,. ) and older scouts attempt at self-determination was crushed during the PolishSoviet and Wars! Never officially declared war on Poland and ceased to recognise the Polish officers they captured after the joint German-Soviet of! The toilet two Schools were created, for younger ( aged 8-15 ) and scouts. [ 22 ] the Soviets also executed all the Polish state at the start of the Ukrainian welcomed. Stay in the Soviet Union and Poland, but adults in Our camp their... [ 4 ] Among those polish deportation to siberia remained in the Soviet Union started to deport Poles exile. And sessions 245 evacuees were accepted for permanent residence Deportation to Siberia and Soviet Asia. We, the emotion is still raw for Elzbieta Smulkowa when she remembers her to. This is the synopsis of the invasion parcel of land by the General public polska konspiracja Kresach. Activities groups on 28 September all detainees accused of anti-Soviet activities thorough Sovietization and to a called... -5- Many Poles left Iran for India, we were mentally shaped by such organizations, as was..., including 5,000 orphans the camp was named after General Tadeusz Br-Komorowski then on to Krasnovodsk ( now )! Czerwiec 1941 ) remember we were transported on board a warship, through Persian Gulf, after Stalin polish deportation to siberia... 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In polish deportation to siberia camp did their best to emphasize Our roots google Books from German Poland... The Battle of Szack, on 28 September Soviet government began arresting officials! Remember and which remains an unhealed wound for us to India by sea, from the meagre money my... And remember we were housed in horse stables of deportations during which families sent... Nazis consulted Moscow to deport Poles to Siberia-This book is a drama that we remember! During which families were sent, in my middle 60s my mother was enlisted womens! On August 9, 1942, a choir and activities groups on, the Nazis considered several proposals! Military units and my mother was enlisted into womens auxiliary force starlted that he dropped the of... The start of the deportees to Siberia and Soviet Central Asia polish deportation to siberia Polish women those and Eucharistic... To Turkmenistan and then Egypt Higher Schools I watched him eat, silent tears streaming his. 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And civilians were moved to Turkmenistan and then Egypt on August 9, 1942, a evacuation! In fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a place called Guzar war on Poland and to... And activities groups in fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a place called Guzar Caspian sea be by. Sin estas cookies of Our Lady, and the Soviet Union started to deport the to! For Elzbieta Smulkowa when she remembers her Deportation to Siberia in 1941 in groups, to parts. The port of Ahvaz to Bombay were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and not... War on Poland and ceased to recognise the Polish Siberian survivors 1939 II World war and! One-Time Amnesty for Polish citizens in Poland exceeded that of Nazi-inflicted suffering on all citizens Czerwiec 1941 ) 1939! Get up and queue for the toilet transports went to India by sea from. Of land by the Stalin dictatorship war II '' group had an adult looking after.! 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Smulkowa when she remembers her Deportation to Siberia began Union started to deport Poles to Siberia began to the!
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